NoHatePhysics

From previous experience we found out that different phase difference produces different polarized light .  Let a plane polarized light is incident on a birefringent material. As the O-ray and E-ray Emerge out of the crystal . They have some path difference between them as different refractive index is produces different path difference. Let us consider that No and Ne  is different refractive index for O-ray and   E-ray respectively . Then the path them become .     path for O-ray=No×t       path for E-ray=Ne×t Where t is the thickness of the material So the path difference become  .   path-diff = path of O-ray - path of E-ray   =>   Path-diff=(No-Ne)×t Then the difference must be equal to   Phase-dif= (2π/(wavelength))×path_diff Quarter plate The plate in which path difference is 1/4th of wave length we call that quarter wave plate as the suggest quarter mean 4.       path-diff = wavelength/4  ==> phase difference= (2π/(wavelength))×path-diff   phase-dif=π/2  Also we have

We know there are three types of polarization exist . Those are  1) . Linearly polarized 2) . Elliptically polarized 3) . Circularly polarized In any type of polarized light we have specified E-vector  direction resulting vector when act on a point charged particles the path in which particle move it is ellipse the light is said to be elliptically polarized  .if it is circle or line the the light is called circularly , linearly polarized respectively .  Proof Consider 2( why two well it can be more but we considering the source that spontaneously  emitting different amounts of photon per second resulting different amplitude and period of emissions is different resulting different phases for example if time period t =lambda/4c     then phase difference is 90 degree )  Electromagnetic wave having same frequency different phases( same wave different amplitude and phase for refraction or reflection emittion etc  .) act on a charge particle  . The particle move on the direction of E-vect

The phenomenon of double refraction of certain crystals can be used to produce plane polarized light. As we know the double refracting crystal split two different ray having two different state of polarization . say E-ray and O-ray  . It is consist of calcite crystal with a layer of Canada balsam . for E-ray refractive index 1.486 and for O-ray refractive index 1.658  the refractive index for Canada balsam   1.55  which is lie between refractive index of calcite crystal of E-ray 1.48 and for O-ray  1.65 .  The observation of the values of refractive indices reveal that the Canada balsam is a denser medium than calcite for E-ray and is a rarer medium than calcite for O-ray  The calcite crystal is taken in the form of parallelogram with grounded edges with angle 109 degree and 71 degree . Due to grounding the acute angles get reduced to 68 degree.  The light is incidents such that O-ray [going from denser to rarer medium] suffers total internal reflection and get

There exists some type of crystal in which when light pass through them they are refracted in 2 way (calcites and quartz crystals ) . I.e it has different refractive index for different   polarized light  results some ray behave Ordinarily we call Ordinary Ray (O-ray) some Ray behave Extra Ordinarily we call it's Extraordinary Ray(E-ray)  both E-ray and O-ray  are plane polarized and E-vector(or B)  of those two wave are perpendicular to each other i.e the plane of polarization perpendicular to each other .  Why some type of crystal has this property ? The secret lies on the structure of solid . Atomic dipole that exist in the  solid allows wave pass(absorbing vibrating & re-radiating) certain E vector  absorbed by atomic dipole  more efficiently in one direction and less efficiently in other direction that results  E-ray and O-ray have different velocity in same medium because refractive index depends upon velocity it has two different refractive index for diffe

The phenomenon in which unpolarized light get polarized when scatter from a atom is called polarization by scattering When a unpolarized light having frequency w strike a atom on surface . The atom absorb electromagnetic radiation and start vibrating with same frequency w . And resulting radiation of electromagnetic waves . Those atom or charged particles may not free of constraints . I.e they not free to vibrate in any direction result absorbing some E vector components (or B)   Results polarized of partially polarized light. Example is our sky  And also it depends upon in which angle you look at image Below a image to demonstrate

Polarization occure in many way one of them occur due to reflection . When light fall on the surface of a media having refractive index n  it get refracted . The angle of refraction and path can be determined by using Snell's law . Also some of light reflected (absorbed and then radiated) from the surface when the angle between reflected ray and transmitted ray is 90(degree) . The angle of incidents is called Brewster's angle  .  At that point what actually occur at the surface is the dipole that exists on the material act like polarizer absorbing only certain angle polarized light that is absorbing Electric field vector  (E or B) and oscillate with same frequency as of light. Resulting  radiation (According to Maxwell theory) of electro-magnetic wave . But this time the oscillating dipole have only one E vector direction resulting a polarized light .   So the conclusion is that " light reflected from media at Brewster's angle is polarized and depends up

When any source such as light bulbs or sun emit electromagnetic wave . the Electric field direction on the source is randomly generated by that result a unpolarized light . the E vector that generated on the source emission depends upon the direction of motion of charge particle which is completely random .. We use a polarizer to polarize unpolarized light .  Working of Polarizer is very simple it cancel out all E-vector components except that parallel to axis of polarizer that a polarized light .  Malus law relate intensity of polarized light after passing through polarizer with its previous intensity Proof We know intensity of light directly proportional to the square Amplitude .I.e consider the case of bellow image we have the angle between A vector and optical axis of polarizer is thita Resolving those vectors components we have horizontal and vertical components  Now using the above results we conclude that after passing through t